News and Online Media- 22.01.2020
News and Online Media
Look at powerpoint - dated 22.01.2020
Upload planning activity 2
Upload planning activity 3
Curran and Seaton theory
Newspapers should reflect the interestrs of an audience otherwise they will go out business. They should be liberal and everyone should be able to make one. However this does not happen in practice due to cost and the press can be used as a propaganda tool.
Small ownership leads to similar products, limited scope of ideas, not exposed to different opinions.
Whereas, the independent companies produce more diverse products as well as TCO.
Media Barons- wealthy owners/proprietora
Trusts- a legal agreement where the finances from the owner are transferred to a `trustee` to manage the newspaper.
Cross media- converged conglomerates
Rupert Murdoch owned News Uk until 2018
Telegraph owned by Barkley Brothers
News Uk owned previously by Rupert Murdoch
Daily Mail group owned by Lord Rothermere
Labour vs Conservative
The Sun- right wing
Daily Mail- right wing
Daily Mirror- left wing
The Telegraph- right wing
The Guardian- left wing
The Times- right wing
The Independent- center/neither left or right
Financial times- centre right
Why might Press ownership be important in shaping the British Public views on political issues such as Brexit, voting for political parties?
- It influences the views or people and their politcal beliefs. As each newspaper supports a different politcal party by either being right or left wing it will have different influenes on the people.Prices from Tesco Groceries
The Guardian- £2.20 (weekdays)
The Daily Mail- £0.70 (weekdays)
The Daily Mail digital subscription
£10.99- per month- The Guardian
Look at the difference between the price of the print and digital versions of newspapers*Philantrophy- the desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes.
1980`s- computers, printers and desktop publishing programs
1990`s- the internet
2000`s- broadband, web 2.0, smartphones and tablets, HD digital cameras, apps
the audience are able to produce their new media
The Guardian is an example of a trustee.
A trustee is when for example, a newspaper owner gives the rights to a `trustee` a person who has knowledge and experience in that sphere to run the newspaper.
Cross media- Rupert Murdoch
convergent conglomerates
Right wing newspapers are more biased- Curren and Seaton limited number of views
Gerbner`s cultivation theory- newspapers influences the views of people upon the political issues around us.
Recentrly, the Mail has bought the The Times
And the Barkley brothers want to sell The Telegraph, because there is low profit from print.
2nd lesson
1. negative representation
2. politcal affiliation
3. fear shown
https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/7282730/leo-mckinstry-opinion-immigration-multiculturalism-debate/- shows that The Sun is clearly right wing
Positiong- influencing and making the minds of people. Cultivating ideas and views in their heads.
Left-wing politics
supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy. It typically involves a concern for those in society whom its adherents perceive as disadvantaged relative to others as well as a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished.
vs
Right-wing political thinking holds that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable
In 2011 following the Leveson enquiry (which found the Press to have too close a relationship with politicians/government) The Leveson report recommended that future Press regulation should:
•Continue to be self regulated outside of government
•Create a new press standards body, created by the industry with a new rigorous code of conduct.
•To back up regulation with legislation to ensure the press remains independent and effective
•To provide the public with confidence that their complains will be dealt with effectively
•To protect the press with government interference.
Independent Press Standards Organisation- IPSO
Levenson`s- A judge
It is an independent regulator for the newspaper andmagazine industry in the UK. IPSO is not seen to fulfil Levenson`s recommendations (only some of them such as maintaining the freedom of expression for the press) so isn`t a Leveson compliant regulator with official regulatory status.
In its regulatory role, IPSO
- holds newspapers to account
- protects the rights of an individual
- upholds standarts of journalism
- maintains freem of expression for the press
The public can submit complaints against member newspapers without having to go through the courts and IPSO investigates the complaints.
The Guardian, have opted out of the scheme and self-regulate outside of IPSO.
Gillian Chapman complained to the Independent Press Standards Organisation that the Daily Mirror breached Clause 1 (Accuracy) of the Editors’ Code of Practice in an article headlined “Suicide over menopause”, published on 30 June 2018.
The chief executive of press regulator Ipso has defended its handling of Katie Hopkins’ controversial “cockroaches” Sun column about migrants, saying bad taste was not in its remit.
Ipso is currently considering more than 2,000 complaints about another Sun column, by former editor Kelvin MacKenzie, about Channel 4 News presenter Fatima Manji.
“And actually in our terms for it to be discrimination, the complainant would have had to show that an individual or a group of individuals were discriminated against by that phrase.
Simply because, the comment she made about immigrants being compared to ``cockroaches`` was not specifically aimed at a specific ethnic group or individual the complaint made about her comment was not upheld.
Between 2016 and 2018 17 cases were brought against the Daily Mail, most were due to breaches in accuracy, privacy and intrusion. Of these complaints only two were upheld.
Upheld- respected, supporting the people who made a complaint
Fiasco- a complete failure, especially a ludicrous or humiliating one. Exaggeration.
The Guardian can be seen as a liberal paper, therefore it is open and accepts different views.
Historically, The Guardian first received financial support from middle class radicals. Until recently the traditional newspaper model of acquiring revenue from circulation sales and advertising has been the main source of funding.
Circulation
•The Guardian has a share of just 2.8% of the UK print news market.
•(Nov 2018) The paper had a weekly circulation of 986,872
•Previous studies should show that there is a decline imn revenue from print sales
Advertising
•The colour advertising rate is £90 per column centimetre
•The cheapest advert measures 8 x 7 cm = £5000
•A double page spread is £32,400
Note with declining circulation figures the Guardian will become less attractive to advertisers.
Alternative revenue options and solutions
Economic models and funding
In 2016 the GMG established a new business plan to address the economic losses associated with the decline in print circulation and loss in revenue.
The aimed to:
•Enhance operating efficiency
•Reduce costs by 20%
•Secure new growth opportunities for the GMG as a global organisation
•Adapt to changes in the advertising market.
Identify news covers for the Guardian that reflect public interest or international journalism on
•NHS
•Brexit
•Immigration
•Same sex marriage
To what extent do these views show that the paper is left of centre/liberal?
Immigration-
Brexit: UK immigration will 'put people before passports', Johnson tells African leaders
The Guardian has opted out of IPSO, as they say the following:
The industry funded IPSO is unethical
Ombudsman- an official appointed to investigate public complaints against a company, organisation or authority.
Ombudsman- an official appointed to investigate public complaints against a company, organisation or authority.
3rd Lesson
Levenson enquiry
Improved or increased regulation of the press, whereas IPSO is the actual organisation which deals with the people who may have vcomplaints about the press and how they have become victims of the press,
The Levenson enquiry was commissioned by David Cameroon.
Audiences- why do certain people buy certain types of newspapers?
Market Segments
Audiences can be segmented
•Demographically
Psychrometrically
Use CAGEDMost newspapers target A B and C groups because they have the money. The Sun and the sun have a high number of D class readers unlike the Guardian.
Psychrometrics
This is a way of categorising audiences using VAL which consists of
values
attitudes
lifestyle or behaviour
Psychrometric type VAL characteristic
Improved or increased regulation of the press, whereas IPSO is the actual organisation which deals with the people who may have vcomplaints about the press and how they have become victims of the press,
The Levenson enquiry was commissioned by David Cameroon.
Audiences- why do certain people buy certain types of newspapers?
Market Segments
Audiences can be divided up by statistical data such as age, gender (socio economic) or by bahviour (uses and gratification) and experiences such attitudes to social issues. Segmenting audiences in such a way ins such a way helps newspapers understand audiences better.
Psychrometrically
Use CAGEDMost newspapers target A B and C groups because they have the money. The Sun and the sun have a high number of D class readers unlike the Guardian.
Psychrometrics
This is a way of categorising audiences using VAL which consists of
values
attitudes
lifestyle or behaviour
Psychrometric type VAL characteristic
Aspirer Seek status
Explorer Discover new things
Mainstreamer Likes to be part of a larger group of like minded people/seek security
Reformer Not impressed by materialism or status/ socially aware
Resigner Built up attitudes over time/ believes in instritutions and traditions they can trust
Strugler Lives day for the day attitude/ sees themselves as a victim/ seeks escape
Succeeder High social status, deserves the best
The Guardian
Psychrometric type- one of them could be the explorer as the headline at the top of the newspaper advertises yoga classes, travel destinations and spa which is more likely to be targetted at the explorer as they seek the try out new things rather than going and conforming to the trradition way of living and the mainstream aspects.
Below that there is a section about the football teams which is something that is likely ot be aimed at the mainstreamer as is a traditional aspect of peoples lifes.
Explorer Discover new things
Mainstreamer Likes to be part of a larger group of like minded people/seek security
Reformer Not impressed by materialism or status/ socially aware
Resigner Built up attitudes over time/ believes in instritutions and traditions they can trust
Strugler Lives day for the day attitude/ sees themselves as a victim/ seeks escape
Succeeder High social status, deserves the best
The Guardian
Psychrometric type- one of them could be the explorer as the headline at the top of the newspaper advertises yoga classes, travel destinations and spa which is more likely to be targetted at the explorer as they seek the try out new things rather than going and conforming to the trradition way of living and the mainstream aspects.
Below that there is a section about the football teams which is something that is likely ot be aimed at the mainstreamer as is a traditional aspect of peoples lifes.
Audience types.
Target audience- typical audience that newspapers target, a specific group
Mass audience- larger audience types including a larger wide range of people made from different demographics and psychrometrics. Print tradtionally attracts a mass audience.
Niche audience- small newspaper for smaller groups eg. a town`s newspaper. A smaller group with a unique interest.
Mass audience- larger audience types including a larger wide range of people made from different demographics and psychrometrics. Print tradtionally attracts a mass audience.
Niche audience- small newspaper for smaller groups eg. a town`s newspaper. A smaller group with a unique interest.
How do newspapers targte and reach their audiences?
1. price
affordable and to appeal to the audiences` socio demogrpahic profile- psychrometric type whether they are a struggler or aspirer for exmple.
A red tabloid costs about 40-75p whereas a broadsheet newspaper 1.60-2.70£. A person that comes from a lower status in society, D class, working class is more likely to read a tabloid. Eg struggler, mainstreamer.
Tabloid- smaller than broadsheet newspapers1. price
affordable and to appeal to the audiences` socio demogrpahic profile- psychrometric type whether they are a struggler or aspirer for exmple.
A red tabloid costs about 40-75p whereas a broadsheet newspaper 1.60-2.70£. A person that comes from a lower status in society, D class, working class is more likely to read a tabloid. Eg struggler, mainstreamer.
Contains more photogrpahs
Clebetrities advertised
Appeals to the working class audiences more
Broadsheet- larger newspaper
More serious- exploring seripus issues such as focusing on politics unlike tabloids
Mainlt serious stories
Appeals more to the higher class individuals
Audience- The Daily Mail
- Average age is 59
- 62% fall into the ABCI socio economic groups with the largest group being the CI
- Majority of the reades live in the South East- closer to London
- Conservative
- Uses stereotypes of women as the 59% of the readers are women.
Audience- The Guardian
- 44.2% aged 55+
- 75% ABC social demographic
- its audiences are defined by the newspaper as `progressives`.
Considering the psychomteric VALS audience groups the newspaper`s taget audience can be seen to be the Explorer, Reformer and Succeeder.
News values:
- The power elite
- Celbrity
- Entertainment
- Surprise
- Bad News
- Good news
- Magnitude
- Relevance
- Follow up
- News agenda
Katz and Blumler- Uses and Gratifications theory
- Entertainment and diversion
- Information and aducation
- Social interaction
- Personal identity
The audiences can be segmented in 2 different ways, either by
- demographics (CAGED)
- psychometrics
Psychometrics is another way of categorising audiences. one way is by using VAL's typology which consists of
- values
- attitudes
- lifestyles
The psychometric types can be divided in the different categories identified by the 'Young and Rubicom' model.
- Explorer
- Succeeder
- Aspirer
- Mainstreamer
- Struggler
- Reformer
- Resigner
Therefore the VAL characteristics of each psychometric will be identified by looking at their attitudes, values and lifestyles.
So basically, a psychometric audience defines the audience by looking at their values, attitudes and lifestyles. (by looking at VAL)
Furthermore, besides using psychometrics and demographic in order to segment and identify the type of audience we can also use HARCUPS to identify the values of the news and the newspapers.
HARCUPS consists of:
- power elite
- celebrity
- entertainment
- surprise
- bad news
- good news
- magnitude
- relevance
- follow up
- news agenda
Each one applies to stories concerning
- powerful individuals, organisations and institutions
- people who are are already famous
- sex, show business, human interest, animals, unfolding dramas, humorous treatment, entertaining photographs, witty headlines
- an element of surprise or contrast, the unexpected
- conflict, tragedy, death, negative topics
- rescues, cures, miracles
- large numbers of people, or the size of a potential impact of a story on people
- issues, groups and nations relevant for the target audience
- subjects already or recently in the news, therefore a follow up to the story already mentioned in the previous news
- the newspapers own agenda regarding political and social issues they choose to report on and the ideological values they express.
agenda- a list of items to be discussed at a meeting in this case in their own newspaper.
witty- showing or characterised by a quick and inventive verbal humour.
The Daily Mail- The Daily Mail focuses much more on a range of news values such as news, celebrity, entertainment unlike the Guardian which only focuses on both good/bad news.
Gratification and Use of the news can be information and education as well as entertainment and diverison. Information can be seen in the article of the Coronavirus in China and how the the UK is working hard to get the British Nationals back from there. Whereas, the entertainment can be seen in the articles about Jesy Nelson, Kate Middleton and other famous celebrities mentioned in the online version of the newspaper. The news values of `surprise` can be seen in the comments about the lifestyle of the celebrities for example `Kate Garraway wows in a black mini dress as she reunites with her `I`m a celebrity` pals``. the daily mail newspaper focuses much more on a range of harps news values such as entertainment as it offers information about holidays, celebrities that take part in tv shows therefore it aims at keeping the audience entertained rather than only informed about the political issues around us. It also offers information and diversion from the uses and gratifications theory of Katz and Blumler which is once again seen in the use of celebrities and entertainment and advertisement of tv shows.
4th Lesson- 31/01/2020
The DMG have recently purchased The Independent meaning that the group is expanding. The idea of ownership is increasing efficiency- oligarchy. Which is a person in charge of several things.
Curran and Seaton- power and media industries theory can be applied to the DMG.
Hesmondhalgh- cultural industries
Cultural industries follow a capitalist pattern of increasin concentration so production is owned and controlled by a few conglomerates.
Risk is seen in terms of loss of money. Risk is high because production costs are high.
Companies rely on repetition to minimise risk and cover failure. Repeated formats are recognisable to audiences and use copyright laws to protect from production and piracy. Doing more of what is already successful.
Risk is minimised and profit is maximised by the increased concentration and integration vertically and horizontally.
Newsand onlinemedia industry3 edited from maria_angelova2808
Slide 16 and 17 for analysis of newspapers.
Slide 16 and 17 for analysis of newspapers.
Comments
Post a Comment